Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo koʻikoʻi no ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano, ka nui, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana

I nā uwea, ua ana ʻia ka volta ma nā volts (V), a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaula ma muli o kā lākou helu volta. Hōʻike ka helu volta i ka volta hana kiʻekiʻe loa e hiki ke mālama pono i ke kaula. Eia nā ʻāpana voltage nui no nā kaula, kā lākou mau noi pili, a me nā kūlana:

1. Uila Uila Haahaa (LV).

• Lāʻau Voltage: A hiki i 1 kV (1000V)
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia i nā hale noho, ʻoihana, a me nā hale ʻoihana no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana, nā kukui, a me nā ʻōnaehana haʻahaʻa.
• Nā Kūlana maʻamau:
  • IEC 60227: No ka PVC insulated uwea (hoʻohana 'ia i ka mana puunaue).
  • IEC 60502: No nā kaula uila haʻahaʻa.
  • BS 6004: No nā kaula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka PVC.
  • UL 62: No na kaula hikiwawe ma ka US

2. Uila Voltage Medium (MV).

• Lāʻau Voltage: 1 kV i 36 kV
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻoili mana a me ka hoʻolaha pūnaewele, maʻamau no nā noi ʻoihana a i ʻole nā ​​​​pono.
• Nā Kūlana maʻamau:
  • IEC 60502-2: No nā kaula uila waena.
  • IEC 60840: No nā uwea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻupena uila kiʻekiʻe.
  • IEEE 383: No nā uwea pale wela i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu mana.

3. Uila Voltage (HV).

• Lāʻau Voltage: 36 kV i 245 kV
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka uila, nā substations high-voltage, a no nā hale hana mana.
• Nā Kūlana maʻamau:
  • IEC 60840: No nā kaula uila kiʻekiʻe.
  • IEC 62067: No nā kaula i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka AC a me DC.
  • IEEE 48: No ka ho'āʻoʻana i nā kaula uila kiʻekiʻe.

4. Uila Voltage Kiekie (EHV).

• Lāʻau Voltage: Ma luna o 245 kV
• Nā noi: No nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoili uila ultra-high-voltage (hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka nui o ka mana uila ma nā mamao lōʻihi).
• Nā Kūlana maʻamau:
  • IEC 60840: No nā kaula uila kiʻekiʻe.
  • IEC 62067: Pili i nā kaula no ka hoʻouna kiʻekiʻe-voltage DC.
  • IEEE 400: ʻO ka ho'āʻo a me nā kūlana no nā pūnaewele uwea EHV.

5. Uila Voltage Kūikawā (e laʻa, DC Voltage Haʻahaʻa, Uila Lā)

• Lāʻau Voltage: He ʻokoʻa, akā ma lalo o 1 kV
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia no nā noi kikoʻī e like me nā ʻōnaehana panel solar, nā kaʻa uila, a i ʻole ke kelepona.
• Nā Kūlana maʻamau:
  • IEC 60287: No ka helu ʻana i ka hiki ke lawe i kēia manawa no nā kaula.
  • UL 4703: No nā kaula lā.
  • TÜV: No nā palapala hōʻoia uwea lā (e laʻa, TÜV 2PfG 1169/08.2007).

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia nā kelepona ʻo Low Voltage (LV) a me High Voltage (HV) i nā ʻano kikoʻī, i hoʻolālā ʻia kēlā me kēia no nā noi kikoʻī e pili ana i kā lākou mea waiwai, kūkulu ʻia, a me ke kaiapuni. Eia kahi wehewehe kikoʻī:

Nā Uila Haʻahaʻa Voltage (LV) Subtypes:

1. Na Uila Hoolaha Mana

   • wehewehe: ʻO kēia nā kaula uila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana ma nā wahi noho, kālepa, a me nā ʻoihana.
   • Nā noi:
     • Hāʻawi mana i nā hale a me nā mīkini.
     • Nā paneli hoʻohelehele, nā papa hoʻololi, a me nā kaapuni mana maʻamau.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60227 (PVC-insulated), IEC 60502-1 (no ke kumu nui).

2. Nā Uea Paʻa (Steel Wire Armored – SWA, Aluminum Wire Armored – AWA)

   • wehewehe: Loaʻa i kēia mau kaula ke kila a i ʻole ka alumini uea pale pale no ka pale ʻana i nā mīkini hou, e kūpono ai ia no nā wahi waho a me nā ʻoihana kahi e hopohopo ai ke kino.
   • Nā noi:
     • Nā mea hoʻonoho ma lalo o ka honua.
     • Nā mīkini hana a me nā mea hana.
     • ʻO nā mea hoʻokomo i waho ma nā wahi paʻakikī.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60502-1, BS 5467, a me BS 6346.

3. Uila Rubber (Ula Rubber Flexible)

   • wehewehe: Hana ʻia kēia mau kaula me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka sheathing, e hāʻawi ana i ka maʻalahi a me ka lōʻihi. Hoʻolālā ʻia lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pilina pōkole a maʻalahi paha.
   • Nā noi:
     • ʻO nā mīkini paʻa lima (e laʻa, cranes, forklifts).
     • Nā hoʻonohonoho mana no ka manawa.
     • Nā kaʻa uila, nā kahua kūkulu, a me nā noi waho.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60245 (H05RR-F, H07RN-F), UL 62 (no nā kaula hikiwawe).

4. Nā Uila Halogen-Free (Uhi Haʻahaʻa).

   • wehewehe: Ke hoʻohana nei kēia mau kaula i nā mea halogen-ʻole, e kūpono ana ia mau mea no nā kaiapuni kahi i mea nui ai ka palekana ahi. Inā he ahi, hoʻokuʻu lākou i ka uahi haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻole hana i nā kinoea ʻino.
   • Nā noi:
     • Nā mokulele, nā halemai, a me nā kula (hale aupuni).
     • ʻO nā wahi ʻoihana kahi mea koʻikoʻi ka palekana ahi.
     • Alanui, tunnels, a me nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60332-1 (hana ahi), EN 50267 (no ka uahi haʻahaʻa).

5. Nā Uila Mana

   • wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia kēia no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona mana a i ʻole ʻikepili i nā ʻōnaehana kahi i koi ʻole ʻia ai ka hāʻawi mana. Loaʻa iā lākou nā conductors insulated he nui, pinepine i kahi ʻano compact.
   • Nā noi:
     • Pūnaehana ʻautome (e laʻa, hana, PLC).
     • Nā panela hoʻomalu, nā ʻōnaehana kukui, a me nā mana kaʻa.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60227, IEC 60502-1.

6. Nā Uila Lā (Nā Uila Kii)

   • wehewehe: Hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mana o ka lā. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
   • Nā noi:
     • Nā mea hoʻonoho mana o ka lā (photovoltaic system).
     • Hoʻohui i nā panela lā i nā mea hoʻohuli.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: TÜV 2PfG 1169/08.2007, UL 4703.

7. Uea Paha

   • wehewehe: He palahalaha ko keia mau uwea, i kupono no ka hoohana ana ma na wahi paa a me na wahi i nui loa ai na kaula poepoe.
   • Nā noi:
     • Ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana hale ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi.
     • Nā lako keʻena a i ʻole nā ​​mea hana.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60227, UL 62.

8. Uea Pale Ahi

   • Nā Uea no nā ʻōnaehana pilikia:
     Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau kaula no ka mālama ʻana i ka conductivity uila i nā kūlana ahi koʻikoʻi. Hoʻopaʻa lākou i ka hana mau ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana ulia pōpilikia e like me nā ala ala, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe uahi, a me nā pamu ahi.
     Nā noi: Nā kaapuni pilikia ma nā wahi ākea, nā ʻōnaehana pale ahi, a me nā hale noho nui.

9. Nā Uila Mea Hana

   • Nā Uila Pale no ka lawe ʻana i ka hōʻailona:
     Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau kaula no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona ʻikepili i nā wahi me ke kiʻekiʻe electromagnetic interference (EMI). Ua pale ʻia lākou e pale aku i ka nalowale o ka hōʻailona a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i waho, e hōʻoia ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻikepili maikaʻi loa.
     Nā noi: Nā mea hoʻonoho ʻoihana, hoʻoili ʻikepili, a me nā wahi me ka EMI kiʻekiʻe.

10. Na Uila Kuikawa

    • Nā Uila no nā noi kū hoʻokahi:
      Hoʻolālā ʻia nā uwea kūikawā no nā hoʻokomo niche, e like me ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ka manawa ma nā hale kūʻai kālepa, nā pilina no nā cranes ma luna o ke poʻo, nā pamu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. Kūkulu ʻia kēia mau kaula no nā kaiapuni kikoʻī e like me nā aquariums, nā loko ʻauʻau, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻonohonoho ʻē aʻe.
      Nā noi: Nā hoʻokomo manawa, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā aquarium, nā loko ʻauʻau, a me nā mīkini ʻenehana.

11. Uwa Aluminum

    • Nā Uila Hoʻouna Mana Aluminum:
      Hoʻohana ʻia nā kaula alumini no ka hoʻoili ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana i loko a me waho. He māmā lākou a he kumu kūʻai, kūpono no nā pūnaewele hoʻolaha ikehu nui.
      Nā noi: Ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka mana, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i waho a me lalo o ka honua, a me ka puʻunaue nui.

Uila Voltage Medium (MV).

1. RHZ1 Uila

• XLPE Uwe:
  Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau kaula no nā ʻupena uila uila me ka polyethylene (XLPE) i hoʻopili ʻia. ʻAʻole lākou halogen a hoʻolaha ʻole i ke ahi, e kūpono iā lākou no ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻoihana uila uila.
  Nā noi: Ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana uila, ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu.

2. HEPRZ1 Uea

• HEPR Uku:
  Aia kēia mau uwea i ka polyethylene (HEPR) hoʻokaʻawale kiʻekiʻe i ka ikehu a ʻaʻohe halogen. He kūpono lākou no ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu uila ma nā wahi kahi e hopohopo ai ka palekana ahi.
  Nā noi: Nā pūnaewele uila uila, nā kaiapuni pili ahi.

3. MV-90 Uwa

• ʻO nā uwea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo XLPE no nā kūlana ʻAmelika:
  Hoʻolālā ʻia no nā ʻupena uila uila, kūpono kēia mau kaula i nā kūlana ʻAmelika no ka insulation XLPE. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e lawe a puʻunaue i ka ikehu me ka palekana i loko o nā ʻōnaehana uila uila.
  Nā noi: Ka lawe ʻana i ka mana ma nā ʻupena uila uila.

4. RHVhMVh Uea

• Nā Uila no nā Hana Kūikawā:
  Hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia kēia mau kaula keleawe a me alumini no nā kaiapuni me ka pilikia o ka ʻike ʻana i nā aila, nā kemika, a me nā hydrocarbons. He kūpono lākou no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā wahi paʻakikī, e like me nā mea kanu kemika.
  Nā noi: Nā noi ʻoihana kūikawā, nā wahi me ka hoʻolaha kemika a i ʻole ka ʻaila.

Nā Uila Uila Kiekie (HV):

1. Uila Mana Voltage Kiekie

   • wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau uwea no ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka mana uila ma nā mamao lōʻihi ma ka volta kiʻekiʻe (maʻamau 36 kV a 245 kV). Hoʻopiliʻia lākou me nā papa o nā mea hiki ke pale i nā voltage kiʻekiʻe.
   • Nā noi:
     • Nā kaha hoʻoili uila (laina uila).
     • ʻO nā substation a me nā mea mana.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60840, IEC 62067.

2. Nā Uila XLPE (Upu Polyethylene Insulated Cross-Linked)

   • wehewehe: Loaʻa i kēia mau uwea kahi insulation polyethylene cross-linked e hāʻawi ana i nā waiwai uila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ka pale wela, a me ka lōʻihi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā noi uila waena a kiʻekiʻe.
   • Nā noi:
     • Ka hāʻawiʻana i ka mana ma nāʻoihanaʻoihana.
     • Nā laina mana substation.
     • ʻO ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi mamao lōʻihi.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60502, IEC 60840, UL 1072.

3. Na Uila Piha Aila

   • wehewehe: ʻO nā kaula me ka hoʻopiha ʻaila ma waena o nā conductors a me nā papa insulation no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai dielectric a me ka hoʻoluʻu. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea i nā kaiapuni me nā koi ʻoi loa.
   • Nā noi:
     • ʻO nā ʻaila ʻaila waho.
     • Hoʻouna i ke kai hohonu a me lalo o ka wai.
     • ʻO nā hoʻonohonoho ʻoihana koi nui.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60502-1, IEC 60840.

4. Nā Uila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kinoea (GIL)

   • wehewehe: Ke hoʻohana nei kēia mau uwea i ke kinoea (maʻa mau he sulfur hexafluoride) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokaʻawale ma mua o nā mea paʻa. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā wahi i kaupalena ʻia ka nui.
   • Nā noi:
     • Nā wahi kūlanakauhale kiʻekiʻe (substations).
     • ʻO nā kūlana e koi ana i ka hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka mana (e laʻa, nā māka kūlanakauhale).
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 62271-204, IEC 60840.

5. Na Uila Submarine

   • wehewehe: Hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i ka mana ma lalo o ka wai, ua kūkulu ʻia kēia mau kaula e pale aku i ka komo ʻana o ka wai a me ke kaomi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā ʻōnaehana ikehu hou intercontinental a i waho paha.
   • Nā noi:
     • Hoʻouna mana ma lalo o ka moana ma waena o nā ʻāina a i ʻole nā ​​mokupuni.
     • Nā mahiʻai makani waho, nā ʻōnaehana ikehu ma lalo o ka wai.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60287, IEC 60840.

6. Nā Uila HVDC (Ke Kiekie Voltage Direct Current)

   • wehewehe: Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau kaula no ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka mana o kēia manawa (DC) ma luna o nā mamao lōʻihi i ka volta kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou no ka hoʻoili mana kiʻekiʻe ma nā mamao lōʻihi loa.
   • Nā noi:
     • Ka hoʻoili mana mamao lōʻihi.
     • Hoʻohui i nā mana mana mai nā ʻāpana a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāina like ʻole.
   • Nā Kūlana Hoʻohālike: IEC 60287, IEC 62067.

Nā ʻāpana o nā Uila Uila

Aia kekahi uwea uila i kekahi mau mea nui, e lawelawe ana kela mea keia mea i kekahi hana kiko'ī e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō pono ʻana o ke kaula i kāna kumu i manaʻo ʻia me ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi. ʻO nā mea nui o kahi uwea uila he:

1. Ke alakai

ʻO kaalakaʻi alakaʻiʻo ia ke kikowaena o ke kaula e holo ai ke au uila. Hana ʻia ia mai nā mea hoʻokele maikaʻi o ka uila, e like me ke keleawe a i ʻole ke alumini. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu uila mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi.

Nā ʻano mea hoʻokele:

• Mea Hoolele keleawe olohelohe:

  • wehewehe: ʻO ke keleawe kekahi o nā mea hoʻohana i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma muli o kāna conductivity uila maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā conductors keleawe ʻole i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana a me nā kaula uila haʻahaʻa.
  • Nā noi: Nā uwea mana, nā kaula hoʻomalu, a me nā uwea ma nā hale noho a me nā ʻoihana.

• Mea hoʻokele keleawe tinned:

  • wehewehe: He keleawe ia i uhi ʻia me kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka tin e hoʻoikaika ai i kona kūʻē ʻana i ka ʻinoʻino a me ka oxidation. He mea pono loa kēia i nā kaiapuni kai a i ʻole kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā kaula i nā kūlana ʻino.
  • Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia nā kelepona i waho a i ʻole ka wai kiʻekiʻe, nā noi kai.

• Aluminum Conductor:

  • wehewehe: ʻO ka alumini ka mea ʻoi aku ka māmā a me ke kumu kūʻai i ke keleawe. ʻOiai ʻo ka alumini he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke keleawe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia i ka hoʻoili mana kiʻekiʻe-voltage a me nā kaula lōʻihi ma muli o kāna mau mea māmā.
  • Nā noi: Uea puunaue mana, uwea waena a me ka uila kiʻekiʻe, uwea lewa.

• Aluminum Alloy Conductor:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohui nā mea hoʻokele alumini alumini i ka alumini me nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā metala ʻē aʻe, e like me ka magnesium a i ʻole ke silika, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou ikaika a me ka conductivity. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou no nā laina hoʻouna ma luna.
  • Nā noi: Nā laina mana ma luna o ke poʻo, puʻunaue waena-voltage.

2. Hoʻokuʻu

ʻO kahoʻokaʻawaleHe mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻopuni ʻana i ka mea hoʻokele no ka pale ʻana i nā haʻalulu uila a me nā kaapuni pōkole. Koho ʻia nā mea insulation ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke pale aku i ka uila, wela, a me ke koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni.

Nā ʻano o ka Insulation:

• ʻO ka PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Hoʻopili:

  • wehewehe: ʻO PVC kahi mea hoʻohana nui i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kaula uila haʻahaʻa a me waena. Hiki ke maʻalahi, lōʻihi, a hāʻawi i ke kū'ē maikaʻi i ka abrasion a me ka makū.
  • Nā noi: Uea mana, uwea hale, a me na uwea mana.

• XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) Insulation:

  • wehewehe: ʻO XLPE kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe e kū nei i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, ke koʻikoʻi uila, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kemika. Hoʻohana maʻamau ia no nā kaula uila waena a kiʻekiʻe.
  • Nā noi: Nā kaula uila a me ke kiʻekiʻe, nā kaula mana no ka ʻoihana a me waho.

• EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber).:

  • wehewehe: Hāʻawi ka insulation EPR i nā waiwai uila maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa wela, a me ke kū'ē i ka makū a me nā kemika. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā noi e koi ana i ka insulation maʻalahi a paʻa.
  • Nā noi: Nā uwea mana, nā uwea ʻenehana maʻalahi, nā kaiapuni wela kiʻekiʻe.

• Pākuʻi Rubber:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia ka insulation Rubber no nā kaula e koi ana i ka maʻalahi a me ke kūpaʻa. Hoʻohana maʻamau ia i nā kaiapuni kahi e pono ai nā kaula e kū i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana.
  • Nā noi: Nā lako kelepona, nā kaula wiliwili, nā mīkini ʻenehana.

• Halogen-Free Insulation (LSZH – Haʻahaʻa Uhi Zero Halogen):

  • wehewehe: Hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea insulation LSZH e hoʻokuʻu iki i ka uahi ʻole a ʻaʻohe kinoea halogen i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i ke ahi, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea kūpono no nā kaiapuni e koi ana i nā kūlana palekana ahi kiʻekiʻe.
  • Nā noi: Nā hale aupuni, nā tunnels, nā mokulele, nā kaula hoʻomalu ma nā wahi pili ahi.

3. Palekana

PalekanaHoʻohui pinepine ʻia i nā uwea e pale ai i ka conductor a me ka insulation mai ka electromagnetic interference (EMI) a i ʻole radio-frequency interference (RFI). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e pale i ke kaula mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka radiation electromagnetic.

Nā ʻano pale:

• Pale Pale keleawe:

  • wehewehe: Hāʻawi nā pale keleawe i ka pale maikaʻi loa iā EMI a me RFI. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā mea kani a me nā kaula kahi e pono ai ke hoʻouna ʻia nā hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ke keakea ʻana.
  • Nā noi: Uila ikepili, uwea hōʻailona, ​​a me nā uila uila.

• Palena Aluminum Foil:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia nā pale alumini no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka pale māmā a maʻalahi i ka EMI. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia lākou i loko o nā kaula e koi ana i ka loli kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale pale kiʻekiʻe.
  • Nā noi: Uea hoailona hikiwawe, uwea mana haahaa.

• Palekana Hui Foil a me Braid:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohui kēia ʻano pale i nā foil a me nā braids e hāʻawi i ka pale ʻelua mai ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wā e mālama ana i ka maʻalahi.
  • Nā noi: Nā uwea hōʻailona ʻoihana, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu koʻikoʻi, nā uwea mea kani.

4. Kāleka (Puʻu waho)

ʻO kaʻaʻahuʻO ia ka papa o waho o ke kaula, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka palekana mechanical a me nā pale e kū'ē i nā mea kūlohelohe e like me ka makū, nā mea kemika, ka pāhawewe UV, a me ka lole kino.

Nā ʻano o nā kāleʻa:

• Kāleka PVC:

  • wehewehe: Hāʻawi nā kāleʻa PVC i ka pale maʻamau i ka abrasion, ka wai, a me kekahi mau mea kemika. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i ka mana nui a me nā kaula hoʻokele.
  • Nā noi: Uea hale noho, uwea hana mama, uwea kumu nui.

• Kāleka Rubber:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaʻahu Rubber no nā kaula e pono ai ka maʻalahi a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical a me nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
  • Nā noi: Nā kaula ʻenehana hikiwawe, nā kaula wiliwili, nā kaula mana waho.

• Kāleka Polyethylene (PE).:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaʻahu PE i nā noi kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai ke kaula i nā kūlana o waho a pono e pale aku i ka radiation UV, ka wai, a me nā kemika.
  • Nā noi: Uea mana waho, uwea kelepona, mea hoonoho malalo o ka honua.

• Kāleka Halogen-Free (LSZH).:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia nā lole LSZH ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi ka palekana ahi. ʻAʻole hoʻokuʻu kēia mau mea i nā uahi ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole ke kinoea ʻino i ke ahi.
  • Nā noi: Nā hale aupuni, nā tunnels, nā ʻoihana kaʻa.

5. ʻO ke kāʻei kaua (ke koho)

No kekahi mau ʻano uwea,pale kauahoʻohana ʻia e hāʻawi i ka pale mechanical mai ka pōʻino kino, he mea nui loa ia no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i lalo a i waho paha.

• Uea kila kila (SWA) Uea:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohui ʻia ka pale uea kila i kahi pale hou aku i ka pōʻino mechanical, kaomi, a me ka hopena.
  • Nā noi: Nā mea hoʻokomo i waho a i ʻole lalo o ka honua, nā wahi me ka nui o ka pōʻino kino.

• Nā Uea Aluminum Armoured (AWA).:

  • wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia ka pale kila alumini no nā kumu like me ka pale kila akā hāʻawi i kahi ʻano māmā.
  • Nā noi: Nā hoʻokomo waho, nā mīkini ʻenehana, ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana.

I kekahi mau hihia, ua hoʻolako ʻia nā kaula uila me kahipale kila or pale kilapapa e hāʻawi i ka pale hou a hoʻonui i ka hana. ʻO kapale kilalawelawe i nā kumu he nui, e like me ka pale ʻana i ka electromagnetic interference (EMI), pale i ka conductor, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kahua no ka palekana. Eia ka mea nuiʻano pale metalaa me kā lākounā hana kūikawā:

Nā ʻano pale metala ma nā uwila

1. Pale Pale keleawe

• wehewehe: ʻO ka pale pale keleawe he mau kaula i ulana ʻia o ka uwea keleawe i ʻōwili ʻia a puni ka insulation o ke kaula. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻano maʻamau o ka pale metala i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaula.
• Nā hana:
  • Palekana Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).: Hāʻawi ʻo Copper braid i ka pale maikaʻi loa i ka EMI a me ka radio frequency interference (RFI). He mea koʻikoʻi kēia i nā kaiapuni me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka walaʻau uila.
  • Hoʻokumu ʻia: ʻO ka papa keleawe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he ala hoʻi i ka honua, e hōʻoia ana i ka palekana ma o ka pale ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā uku uila weliweli.
  • Palekana Mechanical: Hoʻohui ia i kahi ʻāpana o ka ikaika mechanical i ke kaula, e ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka abrasion a me ka pōʻino mai nā ikaika o waho.
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā uwea ʻikepili, nā uwea mea kani, nā kaula hōʻailona, ​​a me nā uwea no nā uila uila.

2. Palena Aluminum Foil

• wehewehe: ʻO ka pale alumini alumini he ʻāpana lahilahi o ka alumini i hoʻopili ʻia a puni ke kaula, i hui pinepine ʻia me kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni polyester a i ʻole plastic. He māmā kēia pale a hāʻawi i ka pale mau a puni ka conductor.
• Nā hana:
  • Palekana Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).: Hāʻawi ka pahu alumini i ka pale maikaʻi loa i ka EMI haʻahaʻa a me ka RFI, e kōkua ana i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā hōʻailona i loko o ke kaula.
  • Paʻa wai: Ma waho aʻe o ka pale ʻana i ka EMI, hana ʻia ka alumini alumini ma ke ʻano he pale wai, pale i ka wai a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe mai ke komo ʻana i ke kaula.
  • Māmā a me ke kumu kūʻai: ʻOi aku ka māmā a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka alumini ma mua o ke keleawe, e lilo ia i kumu kūʻai kūpono no ka pale.
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā kelepona kelepona, nā uwea coaxial, a me nā uwea mana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

3. Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Braid a me Foil Pale

• wehewehe: Hoʻohui ʻia kēia ʻano pale i ka pale keleawe a me ka pahu alumini e hāʻawi i ka pale ʻelua. Hāʻawi ka braid keleawe i ka ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino kino, ʻoiai ʻo ka alumini alumini e hāʻawi mau i ka pale EMI.
• Nā hana:
  • Hoʻonui ʻia ʻo EMI a me RFI Shielding: ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pale pale a me ka foil e hāʻawi i ka pale ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi mai kahi ākea o ka hoʻopili electromagnetic, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona hilinaʻi.
  • ʻO ka maʻalahi a me ka lōʻihi: Hāʻawi kēia pale ʻelua i ka pale mechanical (braid) a me ka pale interference kiʻekiʻe (foil), i mea kūpono no nā kaula maʻalahi.
  • Ka honua a me ka palekana: Ke hana pū nei ke kaula keleawe ma ke ʻano he ala hoʻopaʻa, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana i ke kau ʻana o ke kaula.
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaula hoʻomalu ʻoihana, nā kaula hoʻoili ʻikepili, nā wili lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe kahi e koi ʻia ai ka ikaika mechanical a me ka pale EMI.

4. ʻO nā mea kaua uea kila (SWA)

• wehewehe: ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka uea kila e pili ana i ka wili ʻana i nā uwea kila a puni ka uwea insulation, maʻamau i hoʻohana pū ʻia me nā ʻano pale ʻē aʻe.
• Nā hana:
  • Palekana Mechanical: Hāʻawi ʻo SWA i ka pale kino ikaika mai ka hopena, ka paʻi ʻana, a me nā pilikia mechanical ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana maʻamau ia i nā kaula e pono ai ke kū i nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi, e like me nā kahua kūkulu a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokomo i lalo.
  • Hoʻokumu ʻia: Hiki ke lawelawe i ka uwea kila ma ke ano he ala kumu no ka palekana.
  • Pale ʻino: ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka uea kila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka wā i galvanised, hāʻawi i kahi pale mai ka corrosion, he mea pono ia no nā uwea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā wahi ʻino a i waho paha.
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia i nā uwea mana no nā hoʻokomo ʻana i waho a i lalo paha, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ʻenehana, a me nā kaula i nā kaiapuni kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino mechanical.

5. Aluminum Wire Armoring (AWA)

• wehewehe: E like me ke kila uea pale kaua, aluminika uea pale kaua i hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻolako mechanical palekana no ka uwea. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka pale uea kila.
• Nā hana:
  • Palekana kino: Hāʻawi ʻo AWA i ka pale mai ka pōʻino kino e like me ka ʻoki ʻana, ka hopena, a me ka ʻāʻī. Hoʻohana maʻamau ia no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i lalo a me waho kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ke kaula i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical.
  • Hoʻokumu ʻia: E like me SWA, hiki i ka uwea alumini ke kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kahua no nā kumu palekana.
  • Pale ʻino: Hāʻawi ka alumini i ke kūpaʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka ʻinoʻino ma nā wahi i ʻike ʻia i ka wai a i ʻole nā ​​mea kemika.
• Nā noi: Hoʻohana ʻia i nā uwea mana, ʻoi aku ka nui no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka uila uila ma nā hoʻonohonoho waho a me lalo.

Hōʻuluʻulu o nā hana o nā pale kila

• Palekana Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).: ʻO nā pale metala e like me ke kaula keleawe a me ka alumini alumini e hoʻopaʻa i nā hōʻailona electromagnetic makemake ʻole mai ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka hōʻailona kūloko o ke kaula a i ʻole mai ka pakele ʻana a keakea ʻana me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe.
• Hōʻailona Pono: Mālama ka pale metala i ka pono o ka ʻikepili a i ʻole ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe-frequency, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā mea paʻakikī.
• Palekana Mechanical: ʻO nā pale kaua, inā i hana ʻia me ke kila a i ʻole alumini paha, e pale i nā kaula mai ka pōʻino kino i hana ʻia e ka ʻoki ʻana, ka hopena, a i ʻole ka ʻāʻī ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā wahi ʻoihana paʻakikī.
• Hoʻopaʻa wai: ʻO kekahi mau ʻano pale metala, e like me ka alumini alumini, kōkua pū kekahi i ka pale ʻana i ka makū mai ke komo ʻana i ke kaula, e pale ana i ka pōʻino i nā mea o loko.
• Hoʻokumu ʻia: Hiki i nā pale metala, ʻo ia hoʻi nā wili keleawe a me nā uea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hiki ke hāʻawi i nā ala kumu, hoʻonui i ka palekana ma ka pale ʻana i nā pōʻino uila.
• Pale ʻino: Hāʻawi kekahi mau metala, e like me ke alumini a me ke kila galvanized, i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻinoʻino, e kūpono ai ia no waho, lalo o ka wai, a i ʻole nā ​​​​kaiaola kemika paʻakikī.

Noi o na uwea pale metala:

• Ke kelepona: No nā kaula coaxial a me nā kaula hoʻoili ʻikepili, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka maikaʻi o ka hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ke keakea.
• Nā Pūnaehana Mana Hana: No nā kaula i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mīkini kaumaha a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu, kahi e pono ai ka pale mechanical a me ka uila.
• Nā mea hoʻokomo i waho a me lalo o ka honua: No nā kaula uila a i ʻole nā ​​kaula i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaiapuni me ka nui o ka pōʻino kino a i ʻole ka ʻike ʻana i nā kūlana paʻakikī.
• Lako Lapaau: No nā kaula i hoʻohana ʻia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, kahi e koʻikoʻi ai ka hōʻailona pono a me ka palekana.
• Puka uila a me ka mana: No nā uwea haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe-voltage, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā wahi kūpono i ka hoʻopilikia o waho a i ʻole ka pōʻino mechanical.

Ma ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano kūpono o ka pale metala, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o kāu mau kaula i nā koi no ka hana, ka lōʻihi, a me ka palekana i nā noi kikoʻī.

Nā Kuʻikahi Kapa inoa

1. Nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale

2. Nā ʻano pale

3. Laina Loko

4. Nā ʻano kāhiko

5. Puʻu waho

6. Nā ʻano alakaʻi

7. Ka helu Voltage

8. Nā Uila Mana

9. Laʻana Hoʻokaʻawale Inoa Uea

Nā Hoʻoponopono Hoʻolālā Uila ma ka ʻāpana

Nā Mea Hoʻolālā Koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāpana

Nā memo hou aku e pili ana i nā maʻamau:

• Nā kūlana GB o Kinake kālele nui ʻia i ka palekana maʻamau a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka maikaʻi, akā hoʻokomo pū kekahi i nā lula kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā pono home Kina, e like me ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni.

• Nā kūlana UL i ka USʻike nui ʻia no nā hoʻāʻo ahi a palekana. Hoʻopili pinepine lākou i nā pōʻino uila e like me ka wela nui a me ke kūpaʻa ahi, koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hale noho a me nā hale ʻoihana.

• Nā kūlana IECʻike ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua. Manaʻo lākou e hoʻohui i nā ana palekana a me ka maikaʻi, e hoʻohana pono i nā kaula i nā wahi like ʻole, mai nā hale a i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana.

• Nā kūlana JISma Iapana ke nānā nui nei i ka palekana a me ka maʻalahi o ka huahana. ʻO kā lākou mau hoʻoponopono e hōʻoia i ka hana pono o nā kaula i nā wahi ʻoihana a hoʻokō i nā kūlana palekana koʻikoʻi.

ʻO kaka nui maʻamau no nā conductorsua wehewehe ʻia e nā ʻano kūlana honua a me nā lula e hōʻoia i nā ana kūpono a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā conductors no ka hoʻoili uila palekana a maikaʻi. Aia ma lalo ka mea nuinā kūlana konduktor:

1. Nā Kūlana Nui o ka Conductor ma ka Material

Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ka nui o nā conductors uila ma ke ʻano o kaʻāpana ʻāpana(ma ka mm²) a i ʻoleanana(AWG a i ʻole kcmil), e pili ana i ka ʻāina a me ke ʻano o ka mea conductor (ke keleawe, aluminika, etc.).

a. Nā mea hoʻokele keleawe:

• ʻāpana ʻāpana keʻa(mm²): Hoʻonui ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻokele keleawe e ko lākou ʻāpana ʻāpana, maʻamau mai0.5 mm² to 400 mm²a ʻoi aku paha no nā uwea mana.
• AWG (Ka Uea Uea ʻAmelika): No nā mea hoʻokele ana liʻiliʻi, hōʻike ʻia nā nui ma AWG (American Wire Gauge), mai ka24 AWG(wiea lahilahi loa) a hiki i4/0 AWG(uaea nui loa).

b. Aluminum Conductors:

• ʻāpana ʻāpana keʻa(mm²): Ua ana ʻia nā mea hoʻokele alumini e ko lākou ʻāpana ʻāpana, me nā nui maʻamau mai ka1.5 mm² to 500 mm²a ʻoi aku paha.
• AWG: ʻO nā nui uea alumini ka mea maʻamau mai10 AWG to 500 kcmil.

c. Nā mea hoʻokele ʻē aʻe:

• No ka meakeleawe ʻia or aluminikanā uea i hoʻohana ʻia no nā noi kūikawā (e laʻa, ka moana, ʻoihana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka nui o ka conductor mamm² or AWG.

2. Nā Kūlana Kūikawā no ka Nui Conductor

a. Nā Kūlana IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission):

• IEC 60228: Hōʻike kēia maʻamau i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā conductors keleawe a me alumini i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaula insulated. E wehewehe ana i ka nui conductor mamm².
• IEC 60287: Uhi i ka helu ʻana o ka helu o kēia manawa o nā kaula, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka nui o ka conductor a me ke ʻano insulation.

b. Nā Kūlana NEC (National Electrical Code) (US):

• Ma ka US, kaNECkuhikuhi i ka nui conductor, me ka nui maʻamau mai14 AWG to 1000 kcmil, ma muli o ka noi (e laʻa, hale noho, ʻoihana, a ʻoihana paha).

c. ʻO JIS (Nā Kūlana Hana Hana Iapana):

• JIS C 3602: Hōʻike kēia maʻamau i ka nui conductor no nā kaula like ʻole a me nā ʻano mea like. Hāʻawi pinepine ʻia nā nuimm²no ke keleawe a me ka alumini conductors.

3. Ka nui o ka Conductor ma muli o ka helu o kēia manawa

• ʻO kahiki ke lawe i kēia manawaʻO ka conductor e pili ana i ka mea, ke ʻano insulation, a me ka nui.
• No ka meanā mea lawe keleawe, ka nui maʻamau mai0.5 mm²(no nā noi haʻahaʻa o kēia manawa e like me nā uea hōʻailona) i1000 mm²(no nā kaula hoʻouna mana kiʻekiʻe).
• No ka meaalumini kalaiwa, nui ka nui mai1.5 mm² to 1000 mm²a i ʻole kiʻekiʻe no nā noi kaumaha.

4. Nā Kūlana no nā polokalamu kelepona kūikawā

• Nā mea hoʻokele maʻalahi(hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaula no ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana, nā robots ʻoihana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) pahanā ʻāpana keʻa liʻiliʻiakā ua hoʻolālā ʻia e pale i ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana.
• Uea pale ahi a haahaahahai pinepine i nā kūlana kūikawā no ka nui conductor e hōʻoia i ka hana ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi, e like meIEC 60332.

5. Ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ke alakaʻi

ʻO kaka nui o ke alakaihiki ke koho ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano no ka ʻāpana kea:

Area (mm²)=4π×d2​

Ma hea:

• $dd$

  d = ke anawaena o ka mea alakai (ma ka mm)

• Wahi= ʻāpana keʻa o ka mea hoʻokele

Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka nui Conductor maʻamau:

Uea Kea Pauku Wahi vs. Gauge, Ka helu o kēia manawa, a me ka hoʻohana

Wehewehe o nā kolamu:

1. ʻĀpana ʻāpana keʻa (mm²): ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka mea hoʻokele, ʻo ia ke kī i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hiki o ka uwea ke lawe i ke au.
2. AWG ana: ʻO ka maʻamau American Wire Gauge (AWG) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka nui ʻana o nā kaula, me nā helu ana nui e hōʻike ana i nā uwea ʻoi aku ka lahilahi.
3. Ka helu o kēia manawa (A): ʻO ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ke kaula hiki ke lawe palekana me ka wela ʻole, e pili ana i kāna mea a me ka insulation.
4. Hoʻohana: Nā noi maʻamau no kēlā me kēia nui kelepona, e hōʻike ana i kahi e hoʻohana mau ʻia ai ke kaula e pili ana i nā koi mana.

Nānā:

• Nā mea hoʻokele keleawee lawe maʻamau i nā helu kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa ma muaalumini kalaiwano ka ʻāpana ʻāpana like ʻole ma muli o ka maikaʻi o ke keleawe.
• ʻO kamea hookui(e laʻa, PVC, XLPE) a me nā mea kaiapuni (e laʻa, ka mahana, nā kūlana ambient) hiki ke hoʻopili i ka hiki ke lawe i kēia manawa.
• ʻO kēia papaʻainahōʻikea pono e nānā mau ʻia nā kūlana kūloko a me nā kūlana no ka nui pololei.

Mai ka makahiki 2009,ʻO Danyang Winpower Wire a me Cable Mfg Co., Ltd.ua oopalau i ka hana o ka uila a me ka uila uila no aneane 15 makahiki, e hōʻiliʻili i ka waiwai o ka 'oihana a me ka 'enehana hou. Kūleʻa mākou i ka lawe ʻana i nā hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe, a puni a puni i ka mākeke, a ua hōʻoia ʻia kēlā me kēia huahana e nā hui mana o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, i kūpono i nā pono pili i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Makemake ʻo Danyang Winpower e hele pū me ʻoe, no kahi ola maikaʻi aʻe.